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</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#e0e0e0;">SIGNAL</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Paradigm</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Dataflow_programming" title="Dataflow programming">Dataflow</a>, <a href="Declarative_programming" title="Declarative programming">Declarative</a>, <a href="Synchronous_programming_language" title="Synchronous programming language">Synchronous</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data organiser"><a href="French_Institute_for_Research_in_Computer_Science_and_Automation" title="French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation">Inria</a> (Espresso team)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First appeared</th><td class="infobox-data">1980s</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>SIGNAL</b> is a <a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a> based on synchronized <a href="Dataflow" title="Dataflow">dataflow</a> (flows + synchronization): a process is a set of equations on elementary flows describing both data and control.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The SIGNAL <a href="Model_of_computation" title="Model of computation">formal model</a> provides the capability to describe systems with <a href="Multi-rate_digital_signal_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-rate digital signal processing">several clocks</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (polychronous systems) as <a href="Ontology_components#Relationships" title="Ontology components">relational specifications</a>. Relations are useful as partial specifications and as specifications of <a href="Nondeterministic_programming" title="Nondeterministic programming">non-deterministic</a> devices (for instance a non-deterministic <a href="Bus_(computing)" title="Bus (computing)">bus</a>) or external processes (for instance an unsafe car driver).

</p><p>Using SIGNAL allows one to <a href="Specification" class="mw-redirect" title="Specification">specify</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an application, to design an <a href="Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a>, to refine detailed components down to <a href="RTOS" class="mw-redirect" title="RTOS">RTOS</a> or hardware description. The SIGNAL model supports a <a href="Design_methodology" class="mw-redirect" title="Design methodology">design methodology</a> which goes from <a href="Specification" class="mw-redirect" title="Specification">specification</a> to <a href="Implementation" title="Implementation">implementation</a>, from <a href="Abstraction" title="Abstraction">abstraction</a> to <a href="Concretization" class="mw-redirect" title="Concretization">concretization</a>, from <a href="Synchronization" title="Synchronization">synchrony</a> to <a href="Asynchrony_(computer_programming)" title="Asynchrony (computer programming)">asynchrony</a>.

</p><p>SIGNAL has been mainly developed in INRIA Espresso team since the 1980s, at the same time as similar programming languages, <a href="Esterel" title="Esterel">Esterel</a> and <a href="Lustre_(programming_language)" title="Lustre (programming language)">Lustre</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="A_brief_history">A brief history</h2></div>

<p>The SIGNAL language was first designed for <a href="Digital_signal_processing" title="Digital signal processing">signal processing applications</a> in the beginning of the 1980s. It has been proposed to answer the demand of new <a href="Domain-specific_language" title="Domain-specific language">domain-specific</a> language for the design of <a href="Digital_signal_processing" title="Digital signal processing">signal processing applications</a>, adopting a <a href="Dataflow_programming" title="Dataflow programming">dataflow</a> and <a href="Block_diagram" title="Block diagram">block-diagram</a> style with <a href="Array_data_type" class="mw-redirect" title="Array data type">array</a> and <a href="Sliding_window" class="mw-redirect" title="Sliding window">sliding window</a> operators. P. Le Guernic, A. Benveniste, and T. Gautier have been in charge of the language definition. The first paper on SIGNAL was published in 1982, while the first complete description of SIGNAL appeared in the PhD thesis of T. Gautier. The symbolic representation of SIGNAL via z/3z (over [-1,0,1]) has been introduced in 1986. A full compiler of SIGNAL based on the clock calculus on hierarchy of Boolean clocks, was described by L. Besnard in his PhD thesis in 1992. The clock calculus has been improved later by T. Amagbegnon with the proposition of arborescent canonical forms.

</p><p>During the 1990s, the application domain of the SIGNAL language has been extended into general embedded and real-time systems. The relation-oriented specification style enabled the increasing construction of the systems, and also led to the design considering multi-clocked systems, compared to the original single-clock-based implementation of Esterel and Lustre. Moreover, the design and implementation of distributed embedded systems were also taken into account in SIGNAL. The corresponding research includes the optimization methods proposed by B. Chéron, the clustering models defined by B. Le Goff, the abstraction and separate compilation formalized by O. Maffeïs, and the implementation of distributed programs developed by P. Aubry.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Polychrony_Toolsets">The Polychrony Toolsets</h2></div>

<p>The Polychrony toolset is an <a href="Open-source_software_development" title="Open-source software development">open-source development</a> environment for critical/embedded systems based on SIGNAL, a <a href="Real-time_computing" title="Real-time computing">real-time</a> polychronous <a href="Dataflow" title="Dataflow">dataflow</a> language. It provides a unified <a href="Model-driven_engineering" title="Model-driven engineering">model-driven environment</a> to perform design exploration by using top-down and <a href="Top-down_and_bottom-up_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Top-down and bottom-up design">bottom-up</a> <a href="Design_methodology" class="mw-redirect" title="Design methodology">design methodologies</a> formally supported by design model transformations from <a href="Specification" class="mw-redirect" title="Specification">specification</a> to <a href="Implementation" title="Implementation">implementation</a> and from <a href="Synchronization" title="Synchronization">synchrony</a> to asynchrony. It can be included in <a href="Heterogeneous" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterogeneous">heterogeneous</a> design systems with various input formalisms and output languages.

</p><p>Polychrony is a set of tools composed of:

</p>

<ul><li>A SIGNAL batch <a href="Compiler" title="Compiler">compiler</a></li>

<li>A <a href="Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interface</a> (editor + interactive access to compiling functionalities)</li>

<li>The Sigali tool, an associated formal system for <a href="Formal_verification" title="Formal verification">formal verification</a> and <a href="Supervisory_control" title="Supervisory control">controller synthesis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sigali is developed together with the INRIA Vertecs project.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_SME_environment">The SME environment</h2></div>

<p>The SME (SIGNAL Meta under Eclipse) environment is a <a href="Front_and_back_ends" class="mw-redirect" title="Front and back ends">front-end</a> of Polychrony in the <a href="Eclipse_(software)" title="Eclipse (software)">Eclipse</a> environment based on <a href="Model-driven_engineering" title="Model-driven engineering">Model-Driven Engineering</a> (MDE) technologies. It consists of a set of Eclipse plug-ins which rely on the <a href="Eclipse_Modeling_Framework" title="Eclipse Modeling Framework">Eclipse Modeling Framework</a> (EMF). The environment is built around SME, a <a href="Metamodeling" title="Metamodeling">metamodel</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the SIGNAL language extended with mode automata<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> concepts.

</p><p>The SME environment is composed of several plug-ins which correspond to:

</p>

<ul><li>A reflexive editor: a <a href="Tree_structure" title="Tree structure">tree</a> view allowing to manipulate models conform to the SME metamodel.</li>

<li>A graphical modeler based on the TopCased modeling facilities (cf. previous picture).</li>

<li>A reflexive editor and an Eclipse view to create compilation scenarios.</li>

<li>A direct connection to the Polychrony services (<a href="Compiler" title="Compiler">compilation</a>, <a href="Formal_verification" title="Formal verification">formal verification</a>, etc.).</li>

<li>A documentation and model examples.</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Synchronous_programming_language" title="Synchronous programming language">Synchronous programming language</a></li>

<li><a href="Dataflow_programming" title="Dataflow programming">Dataflow programming</a></li>

<li><a href="Globally_asynchronous_locally_synchronous" title="Globally asynchronous locally synchronous">Globally asynchronous locally synchronous</a></li>

<li><a href="Formal_verification" title="Formal verification">Formal verification</a></li>

<li><a href="Model_checking" title="Model checking">Model checking</a></li>

<li><a href="Formal_semantics_of_programming_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Formal semantics of programming languages">Formal semantics of programming languages</a></li>

<li><a href="Simulink" title="Simulink">Simulink</a></li>

<li><a href="Avionics" title="Avionics">Avionics</a></li>

<li><a href="System_design" class="mw-redirect" title="System design">System design</a></li>

<li><a href="Asynchrony_(computer_programming)" title="Asynchrony (computer programming)">Asynchrony (computer programming)</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Le Guernic, T. Gautier, M. Le Borgne, and C. Le Maire. Programming Real-Time Applications with SIGNAL. <i>Proceedings of the IEEE</i>, <b>79(9)</b>: 1321-1336, September 1991.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Le Guernic, J.-P. Talpin, and J.-C. Le Lann. Polychrony for system design. <i>Journal for Circuits, Systems and Computers</i>, Special Issue on Application Specific Hardware Design, World Scientific, April 2003 (also available as INRIA Research Report 4715, 2003).</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Gamatié and T. Gautier. The SIGNAL Synchronous Multiclock Approach to the Design of Distributed Embedded Systems. <i>IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems</i>, <b>21(5)</b>: 641-657, May 2010.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Gamatié. Designing Embedded Systems with the SIGNAL Programming Language: Synchronous, Reactive Specification. <i><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">

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</style><a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4419-0940-4</bdi>.</i> Book edited by Springer - New York, 260 pages, 2010.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Benveniste, P. Bournai, T. Gautier, M. Le Borgne, P. Le Guernic, and H. Marchand. The Signal declarative synchronous language: controller synthesis & systems/architecture design. 40th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, 2001.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. Marchand, P. Bournai, M. Le Borgne, P. Le Guernic, Synthesis of Discrete-Event Controllers based on the Signal Environment, <i>Discrete Event Dynamic System: Theory and Applications</i>, 10(4):325-346, October 2000.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Brunette, J.-P. Talpin, A. Gamatié, and T. Gautier. A Metamodel for the Design of Polychronous Systems. <i>Journal of Logic and Algebraic Programming</i>, <b>78(4)</b>: 233-259, Elsevier, April 2009.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J.-P. Talpin, C. Brunette, T. Gautier, and A. Gamatié. Polychronous mode automata. Proceedings of the 6th ACM & IEEE International conference on Embedded software (EMSOFT '06), ACM Press, October 2006, 83-92.</span>

</li>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irisa.fr/espresso/">The INRIA/IRISA Espresso team</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irisa.fr/espresso/Polychrony/">The Polychrony toolset dedicated to SIGNAL</a> (official website of Polychrony) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://polychrony.inria.fr/">backup link</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-verimag.imag.fr/SYNCHRONE/">Synchrone Lab</a> (the synchronous language Lustre)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-sop.inria.fr/meije/esterel/esterel-eng.html">Esterel</a> (the synchronous Language Esterel)</li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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